Book and Report

• X. Huang and W.C. Tam (eds) (2024) Intelligent Building Fire Safety and Smart Firefighting, Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/9783031481604

• T. Zhang, Y. Ko, L. Marshall*, A. Tarbet, K. Collins, N. Elsagan, N. Flores-Quiroz, J. Hodges, M.H. Mozaffari, M. Pallett, A. Sharma, W.C. Tam, X. Huang (2023) Grand Challenges in Digitalization, Artificial Intelligence, & Cybersecurity, SFPE Foundation Grand Challenges White Papers.

 

Smart Fire Risk Analysis

• X. Sun, Yifei Ding*, Z. He, X. Huang* (2025) Awareness Analysis via Weibo Social Media Data of Major Fire Disasters, Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 100230. doi: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2025.100230

• Z. Wang, T. Zhang, X. Huang* (2025) Fire Vigilance Pocket: An Intelligent APP for Real-Time Fire Hazard Quantification, Fire Technology (Accepted) doi: 10.1007/s10694-025-01738-6

• Y. Ding, R. Deng, Y. Zhang*, X. Huang*, N. Elhami-Khorasani, T. Gernay (2025) Automatic Assessment of Fuel Load and Fire Risk via Digitized Database and Intelligent Computer Vision, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 107031. doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.107031

• S. Ding, H. Zhang, Y. Zhang, X. Huang*, W. Song* (2024) Hyper Real-Time Flame Detection with Dynamic Insights from Event Cameras, Expert Systems with Applications, 125746. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.125746

• Y. Ding, W.K. Cheung, Y. Zhang*, X. Huang* (2024) Digitized Fuel Load Survey in Commercial and University Office Buildings for Fire Safety Assessment, Fire Safety Journal, 104287. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104287 

• H. Hostetter*, M.Z. Naser*, X. Huang*, J. Gales* (2024) The Role of AI Chatbots in Fire Engineering: An Examination of Technical Questions Against Domain Knowledge, Natural Hazards Research (in press). doi: 10.1016/j.nhres.2024.06.003

• H. Zheng, Y. Ding, Z. Wang, X. Huang* (2024) SegLD: Achieving universal, zero-shot and open-vocabulary segmentation through multimodal fusion via latent diffusion processes, Information Fusion, 102509. doi: 10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102509

• Y. Ding, W.K. Cheung, X. Huang (2024) Digitized Fuel Load Survey Methodology: Data Collection and Statistical Analysis, NFPA Technical Report (No. FPRF-X), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).

• C. Xiong, Z. Wang*, X. Huang* (2024) Modelling Flame-to-Fuel Heat Transfer by Deep Learning and Fire Images, Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2331114. doi: 10.1080/19942060.2024.2331114.

• H. Zheng, M. Wang, Z. Wang, X. Huang* (2024) FireDM: A Weakly-Supervised Approach for Massive Generation of Multi-scale and Multi-scene Fire Segmentation Datasets, Knowledge-Based Systems, 290, 111547. doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2024.111547

• M. Luo*, Y. Zeng, L. Su, X. Huang* (2024) Review and Application of Engineering Design Models for Building Fire Smoke Movement and Control, Emergency Management Science and Technology (in press). doi: 10.48130/emst-0024-0001

• Z. Wang, T. Zhang, X. Huang* (2024) Explainable Deep Learning for Image-Driven Fire Calorimetry, Applied Intelligence, 54, 1047–1062. doi: 10.1007/s10489-023-05231-x

• W.K. Cheung, Y. Zeng, S. Lin, X. Huang* (2023) Modelling Carbon Monoxide Transport and Hazard from Smouldering for Building Fire Safety Design Analysis, Fire Safety Journal, 140, 103895. (SI of 14th IAFSS Symposium) doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103895 

• Z. Wang, Y. Ding, T. Zhang, X. Huang* (2023) Automatic Real-time Fire Distance, Size and Power Measurement Driven by Stereo Camera and Deep Learning, Fire Safety Journal, 140, 103891. (SI of 14th IAFSS Symposium) doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103891 Featured in SFPE European Magazine

• A. Khan, M. Khan*, A. Usmani, X. Huang*, S. Bakhtiyari, M. Ashtiani, S. Garivani, A. Aghakouchak (2023) Fire Modelling Framework for Investigating Tall Building Fire: A Case Study of the Plasco Building, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 103018. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2023.103018

• Z. Wang, T. Zhang*, X. Huang* (2023) Predicting Real-time Fire Heat Release Rate based on Flame Images and Deep Learning, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 39(3): 4115-4123. doi: 10.1016/j.proci.2022.07.062

• C. Xiong, Z. Wang, Y. Huang, F. Shi, X. Huang* (2022) Smart Building Fire Hazard Evaluation by Attenuation of Alarm Sound Field, Journal of Building Engineering, 104264. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104264

• X. Zhang, X. Wu*, Y. Park, X. Huang*, T. Zhang, F. Xiao, A. Usmani (2021) Perspectives of Big Experimental Database and Artificial Intelligence in Tunnel Fire Research, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 108 103691. doi: 10.​1016/​j.​tust.​2020.​103691

 

AI-Powered Fire Forecast

• W.K. Cheung, Y. Zeng, Y. Ding* W. Węgrzyński, X. Huang* (2025) Predicting Smoke Hazards and Burning Fuel via Smart Building Fire Sensor Network and Dual-Agent Deep Learning, Indoor and Built Environment, doi: 10.1177/1420326X251331180 

• E.T. Fu, W.C. Tam, X. Huang (2024) Building Fire Hazard Predictions Using Machine Learning, Chapter 16, In X. Huang and W.C. Tam (eds) Intelligent Building Fire Safety and Smart Firefighting, Springer.

• T. Zhang, F. Ding, Z. Wang, Fu Xiao, C.X. Lu, X. Huang* (2024) Forecasting Backdraft with Multimodal Method: Fusion of Fire Image and Sensor Data, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 132, 107939. doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2024.107939

• Y. Li, Z. Wang, X. Huang* (2024) Super Real-Time Forecast of Wildland Fire Spread by A Dual-Model Deep Learning Method, Journal of Environmental Informatics, 43(1) 65-79. doi: 10.3808/jei.202400509

• Z. Nan, M.A. Orabi*, X. Huang*, Y. Jiang, A. Usmani (2023) Structural-fire Responses Forecasting via Modular AI, Fire Safety Journal, 140, 103862. (SI of 14th IAFSS Symposium) doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2023.103863

• Khan*, M. Khan, K. Leung, X. Huang*, M. Luo, A. Usmani (2022) A Review of Critical Fire Event Library for Buildings and Safety Framework for Smart Firefighting, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 83, 103412. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.103412

• W.C. Tam, E.Y. Fu, J. Li, X Huang, J. Chen, M.X. Huang (2022) A Spatial Temporal Graph Neural Network Model for Predicting Flashover in Arbitrary Building Floorplans, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 115, 105258. doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2022.105258

• X. Wu, Y. Park, A. Li, X. Huang*, F. Xiao, A. Usmani (2021) Smart Detection of Fire Source in Tunnel Based on the Numerical Database and Artificial Intelligence, Fire Technology, 57(2), 657-682. doi: 10.1007/s10694-020-00985-z

• X. Zhang, X. Wu*, X. Huang* (2022) Smart real-time forecast of transient tunnel fires by a dual-agent deep learning model, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 128, 104631. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104631

• T. Zhang, Z. Wang, H.Y. Wong, W.C. Tam, X. Huang*, F. Xiao (2022) Real-time Forecast of Compartment Fire and Flashover based on Deep Learning, Fire Safety Journal, 129, 103579. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2022.103579

• Z. Wang, T. Zhang, X. Wu*, X Huang* (2022) Predicting Transient Building Fire Based on External Smoke Images and Deep Learning, Journal of Building Engineering, 103823. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103823

• X. Wu, X. Zhang, X. Huang*, F. Xiao, A. Usmani (2022) A Real-time Forecast of Tunnel Fire Based on Numerical Database and Artificial Intelligence, Building Simulation, 15, 511–524. doi: 10.1007/s12273-021-0775-x

 

Digital Twin in Fire Safety Management

• W. Xie, Y. Zeng, X. Zhang*, H.Y. Wong, T. Zhang, Z. Wang, X. Wu, J. Shi*, X. Huang*, F. Xiao, A. Usmani (2025) AIoT-Powered Building Digital Twin for Smart Firefighting and Super Real-time Fire Forecast, Advanced Engineering Informatics, 65, 103117. doi: 10.1016/j.aei.2025.103117 

• Y. Li, T. Zhang, Y. Ding, R. Wadhwani, X. Huang* (2025) Review and Perspectives of Digital Twin Systems for Wildland Fire Management, Journal of Forestry Research, 36, 14. doi:10.1007/s11676-024-01810-x

• X. Zhang, T. Zhang, Y. Ding, X. Huang (2024) Internet of Things and Digital Twin in Fire Safety Management, Chapter 14, In X. Huang and W.C. Tam (eds) Intelligent Building Fire Safety and Smart Firefighting, Springer.

• X. Zhang, X. Chen, Y. Ding, Y. Zhang*, Z. Wang, J. Shi, N. Johansson*, X. Huang* (2024) Smart real-time evaluation of tunnel fire risk and evacuation safety via computer vision, Safety Science, 106563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106563

• X. Huang, X. Wu, X. Zhang, A. Usmani (2022) Smart Tunnel Fire Safety Management by Sensor Network and Artificial Intelligence, Chapter 18, Leveraging Artificial intelligence into Engineering, Management, and Safety of Infrastructure (M.Z. Naser Ed.), CRC Press. doi: 10.1201/9780367823467-18

• X. Huang, X. Wu, A. Usmani (2022). Perspectives of Using Artificial Intelligence in Building Fire Safety. In: Naser, M., Corbett, G. (eds) Handbook of Cognitive and Autonomous Systems for Fire Resilient Infrastructures. Chapter 6, Springer, doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-98685-8_6   

• X. Zhang, Y. Jiang, X. Wu*, Z. Nan, Y. Jiang, J. Shi, Y. Zhang, X. Huang*, G.G.Q. Huang (2024) AIoT-enabled Digital Twin System for Smart Tunnel Fire Safety Management, Developments in the Built Environment, 100381. doi: 10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100381

• Y. Jiang, M. Li*, W. Wu, X. Wu, X. Zhang, X. Huang, R.Y. Zhong, G.Q. Huang (2023) Multi-Domain Ubiquitous Digital Twin Model for Information Management of Complex Infrastructure Systems, Advanced Engineering Informatics, 56, 101951. doi: 10.1016/j.aei.2023.101951

• T. Zhang, Z. Wang, Y. Zeng, X. Wu, X. Huang*, F. Xiao (2022) Building Artificial-Intelligence Digital Fire (AID-Fire) System: A Real-scale Demonstration, Journal of Building Engineering, 62, 105363. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105363

• X. Wu, X. Zhang, Y. Jiang, X. Huang*, G. Huang, A. Usmani (2022) An intelligent tunnel firefighting system and small-scale demonstration, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 104301. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104301

 

Smart Fire Safety Design

• Y. Zeng, X. Liu, Y. Ding, Z. Zheng, T. Zhang, X. Huang*, X. Lu* (2025) AI-Powered Automatic Design of Fire Sprinkler Layout for Random Building Floorplans, Journal of Infrastructure Intelligence and Resilience, 100167. doi: 10.1016/j.iintel.2025.100167 

• T. Lu, Y. Zeng, Z. Zheng, Y. Zhang*, X. Huang*, X. Lu (2025) AI-Powered Safe Egress Time Assessment for Complex Building Fire Evacuation, Journal of Building Engineering, 113013. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2025.113013

• S. Rianto, Y. Zeng, X. Huang, X. Lu* (2025) Generative artificial intelligence for fire scenario analysis in complex building design layouts, Fire Safety Journal, 155, 104427. doi: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104427

• Y. Zeng, X. Huang (2024) Artificial Intelligence Powered Building Fire Safety Design Analysis, Chapter 5, In X. Huang and W.C. Tam (eds) Intelligent Building Fire Safety and Smart Firefighting, Springer.

• Y. Zeng, X. Huang* (2023) Smart Building Fire Safety Design Driven by Artificial Intelligence, Chapter 5, Interpretable Machine Learning for the Analysis, Design, Assessment, and Informed Decision Making for Civil Infrastructure (M.Z. Naser Ed.), Elsevier.

• Y. Zeng, Z. Zheng, T. Zhang, X. Huang*, X. Lu* (2024) AI-Powered Fire Engineering Design and Smoke Flow Analysis for Complex-shaped Buildings, Journal of Computational Design and Engineering (in press). doi: 10.1093/jcde/qwae053

• Y. Zeng, Y. Li, P. Du, X. Huang* (2023) Smart Fire Detection Analysis in Complex Building Floorplans Powered by GAN, Journal of Building Engineering, 107858. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107858

• A.A. Khan, T. Zhang, X. Huang*, A. Usmani (2023) Machine Learning Driven Smart Fire Safety Design of False Ceiling and Emergency Response, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 177, 1294-1306. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2023.07.068

• Y. Zhang, X. Zhang, X. Huang* (2023) Design a Safe Firefighting Time (SFT) for Major Fire Disaster Emergency Response, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 103606. doi: 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103606

• Y. Zeng#, X. Zhang#, L Su, X. Wu*, X Huang* (2022) Artificial Intelligence Tool for Fire Safety Design (IFETool): Demonstration in Large Open Spaces, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 102483. doi: 10.1016/j.csite.2022.102483

• L. Su#, X. Wu#, X. Zhang, X. Huang* (2021) Smart Performance-Based Design for Building Fire Safety: Prediction of Smoke Motion via AI, Journal of Building Engineering, 43, 102529. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102529

 

AI-Driven Explosion Risk Prediction

• X. Zhang, J. Shi*, J. Li, X. Huang, F. Xiao, Q. Wang, A. Sohail Usmani, G. Chen (2024) Hydrogen jet diffusion modeling by physics-informed graph neural network, Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 497, 154866. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2024.154866​

• J. Shi*, H. Zhang, X. Huang, J. Wen, G. Chen, G. Chen, A. Yu (2024) Experimental and numerical study of gas explosion from semi-submersible platform, Ocean Engineering, 295, 116958. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.116958

• J. Shi, X. Zhang, X. Huang, A. Usmani, G. Chen (2023) Hydrogen jet diffusion modeling by using physics-informed graph neural network and sparsely-distributed sensor data, Fire and Blast Information Group (FABIG) Newsletter (in press).

• W. Xie, X. Zhang, J. Shi*, X. Huang*, Y. Chang, A. Usmani, F. Xiao, G. Chen (2024) Real-time spatiotemporal forecast of natural gas jet fire from offshore platform by using deep probability learning, Ocean Engineering, 116658. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116658

• X. Zhang, J. Shi*, X Huang, F. Xiao, M. Yang, J. Huang, X. Yin, A. Usmani, G. Chen (2023) Towards deep probabilistic graph neural network for natural gas leak detection and localization without labeled anomaly data, Expert Systems with Applications. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120542

• X. Zhang, J. Shi*, M. Yang, X. Huang, A. Usmani, G. Chen, J. Fu, J. Huang, J. Li (2023) Real-time pipeline leak detection and localization using an Attention-based LSTM approach, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 174, 460-472. doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2023.04.020

• J. Shi, W. Xie, J. Li, X. Zhang, X. Huang, A. Usmani, F. Khan, G. Chen (2023) Real-time plume tracking using transfer learning approach, Computers and Chemical Engineering, 172, 108172. doi: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2023.108172

 

Intelligent Fire Evacuation

• Y. Zhang, Y. Ding, X. Zhang*, X. Huang* (2025) Multi-scale Spatial-Temporal Principles of Global Evacuation Safety based on Pareto Frontiers: A demonstration in Tunnel, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 106950. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2025.106950

• Y. Ding, X. Chen, Y. Zhang*, X. Huang* (2025) Smart Building Evacuation by Tracking Multi-Camera Network and Explainable Re-Identification Model, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 110394. doi: 10.1016/j.engappai.2025.110394

• H.Y. Wong, M. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang*, M.C. Wong, X Huang* (2025) Intelligent Dynamic Exit Sign System: Framework for Safe Guidance and Demonstration in Tunnel Model, Journal of Safety Science and Resilience, 6(3), 100183. doi: 10.1016/j.jnlssr.2024.12.001

• Y. Zhang, X. Huang (2024) Smart Safety Design for Firefighting, Evacuation, and Rescue, Chapter 10, In X. Huang and W.C. Tam (eds) Intelligent Building Fire Safety and Smart Firefighting, Springer.

• F. Wang, Y. Zhang*, S. Ding, X. Huang* (2024) Optimizing phased-evacuation strategy of high-rise buildings in fire, Journal of Building Engineering, 110084. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110084

• Y. Ding, X. Chen, Z. Wang, Y. Zhang*, X. Huang* (2024) Human Behaviour Detection Dataset (HBDset) for Using Computer Vision in Public Safety and Emergency Response, Journal of Safety Science and Resilience (Accepted)

• H.Y. Wong, Y. Zhang, X. Huang* (2022) A Review of Dynamic Directional Exit Signage: Challenges and Perspectives, NFPA Technical Report (No. FPRF-2022-12), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).

• F. Wang, Y. Zhang*, S. Ding, X. Huang* (2024) Optimizing phased-evacuation strategy of high-rise buildings in fire, Journal of Building Engineering, 110084. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110084

• Y. Ding, Y. Zhang*, X. Huang* (2023) Intelligent Emergency Digital Twin System for Monitoring Building Fire Evacuation, Journal of Building Engineering, 77, 107416. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.107416

• Y. Zhang*, X. Huang* (2024) A Review of Tunnel Fire Evacuation Strategies and State-of-the-Art Research in China, Fire Technology, 60, 859–892. doi: 10.1007/s10694-022-01357-5

 

Robotic Firefighting

• R. Deng, S. Ding, Y. Ding, M. Wang, X. Huang*, A. Usmani (2025) Autonomous Navigation of Non-Perception Firefighting Robot through CCTV-Informed Vision Sharing, Expert Systems with Applications, 129210. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2025.129210

• M. Wang, X. Chen, X. Huang (2024) Robotic Firefighting: A Review and Future Perspective, Chapter 20, In X. Huang and W.C. Tam (eds) Intelligent Building Fire Safety and Smart Firefighting, Springer.

• B.Y. Lattimer*, X. Huang, M.A. Delichatsios, Y.A. Levendis, K. Kochersberger, S. Manzello, P. Frank, M. Burton, T. Jones, J. Salvador, C. Delgado, E. Angelats, E. Parès, D. Martín, S. McAllister, S. Suzuki (2023) Use of Unmanned Aerial Systems in Outdoor Firefighting, Fire Technology, 59, 2961–2988. doi: 10.1007/s10694-023-01437-0 SFPE Jack Bono Award

 

Patents (Granted/Pending)

1. X. Huang, C. Xiong, Y. Liu, C. Xu, A Fire Protection System and Extinguishing Method based on Acoustic Fire Suppression, China Patent, Application No. 201911058483.X Granted

2. X. Huang, C. Xiong, F. Haoran. The analytical method and system for 3D fire field information based on acoustic field variation, China Patent, Application No. ZL 2020 1 0956080.3 Granted

3. X. Huang, T. Zhang, X. Wu, F. Xiao, Q. Wang, A. Usmani, A system, device and method to collect the real-time 3D data from the fire scene, China Patent, No. ZL 2020115986305 Granted

4. Q. Wang, X. Huang, M. Shaheer, T. Mohammad, X. Zhang, M. Luo, L.T. Hsu, X. Wu, F. Xiao, A. Usmani, Indoor Fire Monitoring Based on Look-Up-From-Floor Sensing of Ceiling, US Patent (US 11,860,043B2) Granted & China Patent (No. 202211006213.6).

5. X. Huang, X. Zhang, L. Su, X. Wu, Y. Zeng, A method for evaluating fire engineering designs based on artificial intelligence and the apparatus, China Patent, Application No. 202111317179X.

6. X. Huang, X. Wu, X. Zhang, Y. Zeng, A. Usmani, A methodology and system for fire monitoring based on artificial intelligence and digital twin, China Patent, Application No. 2021114957278

7. X. Huang, Z. Wang, T. Zhang, S. Zhang, X. Wu, Q. Wang, Method for Real-time Fire Monitoring and Prediction and System, China Patent, Application No. 2022103867075

8. X. Huang, C. Xiong, Z. Wang, Y. Liu, A fire extinguishing system based continuously producing vortex ring, China Patent, Application No. 202210678999.X Granted

9. X. Huang, X. Zhang, H.Y. Wong, An emergency alert and smart evacuation system and methods, China Patent, Application No. 202310286435.6